The Milky Way has never been seen quite like this before

Astronomers in Australia have created the largest and most detailed low-frequency radio image ever made of the Milky Way, revealing Earth’s galactic neighborhood in a new way.

The colorful new picture is not an artist’s acid-washed metal masterpiece but a view of the galaxy from the vantage point of the Southern Hemisphere. Because the image is based on radio waves rather than visible light, it shows otherwise hidden features of space.

Researchers at the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research conducted the work. Those coppery and verdigris tones in the image are color-coded for different radio wavelengths. With this record-breaking map, astronomers can study the rich nature of stellar birth, death, and transformation stretching across the southern sky.

This marks a milestone in astronomy, said Natasha Hurley-Walker, a professor at Curtin University in Australia. Parts of the image have never been seen at these frequencies before.

“What we’ve done here is we’ve colored those low frequencies red, and so those correspond to areas in the sky where there is more emission at those low frequencies. We’ve colored the higher frequencies blue, and those are areas of the sky where there is more emission at the high frequencies,” Hurley-Walker said in a video about the project. “These different radio colors allow astronomers like me to disentangle the complicated astrophysics in our galaxy.”

Over the past century, radio telescopes have transformed how we see our own galaxy. These instruments detect invisible radio waves from space, letting scientists map the galaxy’s structure and learn what it’s made of. As technology has improved, the images have become sharper.

The main focus of this project was the Milky Way’s so-called Galactic Plane — a flat, dense zone where most of the stars and gas are concentrated. The team identified nearly 98,000 radio sources, including glowing gas clouds around stellar nurseries called H II regions, planetary nebulas, and even distant galaxies. A paper describing these results appears in the journal Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

The extended map of the Milky Way's galactic plane in radio light

The GLEAM-X astronomical survey has produced a high-resolution, low-frequency radio image to map the Milky Way from the southern sky.
Credit: Silvia Mantovanini / GLEAM-X Team

Hurley-Walker’s doctoral student Silvia Mantovanini headed up the project, building the image using high-powered supercomputers to piece together over 40,000 hours’ worth of data. The observations came from two large surveys made with the Murchison Widefield Array, a radio telescope in Western Australia, far from human-made radio noise. She spent 1.5 years working on it.

“The first time I saw the image, I thought, ‘Oh my God, I did it,'” Mantovanini said in the same video.

The new image is twice as sharp, 10 times more sensitive, and covers double the area of the previous version released six years ago, according to the team. This enhancement allows researchers to study dimmer and more distant structures.

Antennas of the Murchison Widefield Array telescope

The observations came from two large surveys made with the Murchison Widefield Array, a radio telescope composed of over 4,000 spider-like antennas in Western Australia.
Credit: International Centre of Radio Astronomy Research

Mantovanini’s research focuses on supernova remnants, the expanding gas clouds left behind after massive stars explode. In the new image, these appear as large red circles, while small blue blobs mark regions where new stars are being born. In a normal image, they are indistinguishable, Mantovanini said, featuring the same shapes.

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But here, thanks to the different colors they can get,” she said, “we are able to make these distinctions more easily.”

The new dataset also sheds light on pulsars, rapidly spinning dead star cores that send out steady beams of radio waves like lighthouses. Measuring their brightness at different frequencies reveals how these weird objects produce their signals and where they lie within the galaxy.

“I am looking forward to … what other scientists can get out of this data,” she said.

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